N2

Work Style Reform in Japan

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Reading Passage

็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ•ใ„ใใ‚“ใ€ๆ–ฐใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใธ่ปข่ทใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚‡ใใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใงใฏใ€ๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใŒๅธธๆ…‹ๅŒ–ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€็ต‚้›ปใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใงใ‚“ใงๅธฐๅฎ…ใใŸใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚็ใ‚ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใ„ใพใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใฏใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใซ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใ›ใฃใใ‚‡ใใฆใใซๅ–ใจใ‚Š็ต„ใใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

ไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใฎๆ–น้‡ใปใ†ใ—ใ‚“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€้€ฑใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใซไฝ•ๅบฆใชใ‚“ใฉใ‹ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ‹ใฎใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ๅ‹คๅ‹™ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚“ใ‚€ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚‚ๆŸ”่ปŸใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใชใ‚“ใงใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใ˜ใถใ‚“ใฎ้ƒฝๅˆใคใ”ใ†ใซๅˆใ‚ใ‚ใ›ใฆไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใ‚’ๅง‹ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใŸใ‚Š็ต‚ใŠใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅˆถๅบฆใ›ใ„ใฉใฎใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœใ‚ใ•ใซๅญไพ›ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใ‚’้€ใŠใใ‚Š่ฟŽใ‚€ใ‹ใˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅคœใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใฏๅฎถๆ—ใ‹ใžใใจ้Žใ™ใ”ใ™ๆ™‚้–“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒๅข—ใตใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใฏ็–ฒๅŠดใฒใ‚ใ†ใง่ถฃๅ‘ณใ—ใ‚…ใฟใซๆ™‚้–“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚’ไฝฟใคใ‹ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠใ„ใพใฏๅฟƒ่บซใ—ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚“ใจใ‚‚ใซๅ……ๅฎŸใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ˜ใคใ—ใŸๆฏŽๆ—ฅใพใ„ใซใกใ‚’้€ใŠใใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ใซใฏ่‡ชๅทฑ็ฎก็†ใ˜ใ“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚ŠใŒไธๅฏๆฌ ใตใ‹ใ‘ใคใงใ™ใ€‚็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใฎๅŠน็އใ“ใ†ใ‚Šใคใ‚’ไธŠใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€้›†ไธญใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใกใ‚…ใ†ใงใใ‚‹็’ฐๅขƒใ‹ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ๆ•ดใจใจใฎใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฎšๆœŸใฆใ„ใ็š„ใซไผ‘ๆ†ฉใใ‚…ใ†ใ‘ใ„ใ‚’ๅ–ใจใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๅฟƒใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ‘ใฃใ‹ใ€ๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ใ›ใšใซๅฎšๆ™‚ใฆใ„ใ˜ใงไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใ‚’็ต‚ใŠใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ›ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใ‚‚ไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‘ไธŠใ“ใ†ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚

ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใฏใ€ๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ„ใ‚“ใฎๆบ€่ถณๅบฆใพใ‚“ใžใใฉใ‚’้ซ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ไผๆฅญใใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใฎ้ญ…ๅŠ›ใฟใ‚Šใ‚‡ใใ‚’้ซ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ€ๅ„ช็ง€ใ‚†ใ†ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใชไบบๆใ˜ใ‚“ใ–ใ„ใฎ็ขบไฟใ‹ใใปใซใ‚‚ใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใธใ‚“ใ‹ใฏใ€็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅคšใŠใŠใใฎไบบใฒใจใ€…ใซใจใฃใฆใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใจ็ง็”Ÿๆดปใ—ใ›ใ„ใ‹ใคใฎใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใจใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใ‹ใฎใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ‘ใฃใ‹ใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใพใ„ใซใกใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ๅ‘ใพใˆใ‚€ใใซ้Žใ™ใ”ใ›ใ‚‹ใจๅฎŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฃใ‹ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฒใจใŒๅข—ใตใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใ•ใซใ€ๆŒ็ถšๅฏ่ƒฝใ˜ใžใใ‹ใฎใ†ใช็คพไผšใ—ใ‚ƒใ‹ใ„ใ‚’็ฏ‰ใใšใไธŠใ†ใˆใง้žๅธธใฒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใซ้‡่ฆใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธ€ๆญฉใ„ใฃใฝใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚

Vocabulary List

  • ่ปข่ทใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚‡ใ (tenshoku) โ€” job change

  • ๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ† (zangyล) โ€” overtime work

  • ๅธธๆ…‹ๅŒ–ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใŸใ„ใ‹ (jลtaika) โ€” becoming common practice, normalized

  • ๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใ (hatarakikata-kaikaku) โ€” Work Style Reform

  • ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใ›ใฃใใ‚‡ใใฆใ (sekkyokuteki) โ€” actively, positively

  • ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ (zaitaku-kinmu) โ€” telework, remote work

  • ๆŸ”่ปŸใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใชใ‚“ (jลซnan) โ€” flexible

  • ๅˆถๅบฆใ›ใ„ใฉ (seido) โ€” system, institution

  • ่‡ชๅทฑ็ฎก็†ใ˜ใ“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚Š (jiko-kanri) โ€” self-management

  • ไธๅฏๆฌ ใตใ‹ใ‘ใค (fukaketsu) โ€” indispensable, essential

  • ๅŠน็އใ“ใ†ใ‚Šใค (kลritsu) โ€” efficiency

  • ็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ›ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ (seisansei) โ€” productivity

  • ๅ‘ไธŠใ“ใ†ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ† (kลjล) โ€” improvement, advancement

  • ๆบ€่ถณๅบฆใพใ‚“ใžใใฉ (manzokudo) โ€” satisfaction level

  • ๆŒ็ถšๅฏ่ƒฝใ˜ใžใใ‹ใฎใ† (jizoku-kanล) โ€” sustainable

English Translation

Mr. Tanaka recently changed jobs to a new company. At his previous company, overtime work was the norm, and going home by the last train was not uncommon. However, his current company is actively engaged in "Work Style Reform."

Due to the company's policy, telework is possible several times a week. Additionally, working hours are flexible, allowing him to start and finish work according to his own convenience. Thanks to this system, Mr. Tanaka now has more time to pick up and drop off his children in the morning, and spend evenings with his family. Previously, he was too exhausted to even engage in hobbies. But now, he feels thoroughly fulfilled, both mentally and physically.

Of course, self-management is essential for telework. Mr. Tanaka makes an effort to create a focused environment and take regular breaks to increase work efficiency. As a result, he can finish work on time without overtime, and his productivity has also improved compared to before.

Such 'Work Style Reform' benefits companies by not only boosting employee satisfaction but also enhancing their appeal, thus helping to attract and retain talented individuals. For many people, not just Mr. Tanaka, this change has made it possible to achieve a better balance between work and private life. As a result, more individuals are experiencing a more positive outlook on their daily lives. This truly represents a crucial step towards building a sustainable society.

Comprehension Questions

็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฎไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใจไปŠใ„ใพใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใฎๅƒใฏใŸใ‚‰ใๆ–นใ‹ใŸใซใฏใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้•ใกใŒใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚

What were the differences in work style between Mr. Tanaka's previous company and his current company?

ไปŠใ„ใพใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใงๅฐŽๅ…ฅใฉใ†ใซใ‚…ใ†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใใŸใ„ใฆใใชๅ†…ๅฎนใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚’ไบŒใตใŸใคๆŒ™ใ‚ใ’ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

Please list two specific details of the "Work Style Reform" implemented at his current company.

ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ใ‚’่กŒใŠใ“ใชใ†ไธŠใ†ใˆใงใ€็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฟƒใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใชใซใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

What does Mr. Tanaka make an effort to do when working from home?

ใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใฏใ€ๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅˆฉ็‚นใ‚Šใฆใ‚“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

What are the benefits of "Work Style Reform" not only for employees but also for the company?

็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‘ใฃใ‹ใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใพใ„ใซใกใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใ›ใ„ใ‹ใคใซใŠใ„ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใธใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฃใ‹ใ‚“ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

As a result of "Work Style Reform," what changes does Mr. Tanaka feel in his daily life?

Answers

ไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใงใฏๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใŒๅธธๆ…‹ๅŒ–ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ—ใ€็ต‚้›ปใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใงใ‚“ใงใฎๅธฐๅฎ…ใใŸใใ‚‚็ใ‚ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใ„ใพใฎไผš็คพใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใฏใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใซ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใ›ใฃใใ‚‡ใใฆใใซๅ–ใจใ‚Š็ต„ใใ‚“ใงใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ใ‚„ๆŸ”่ปŸใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใชใ‚“ใชๅ‹คๅ‹™ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚“ใ‚€ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใฉใ†ใซใ‚…ใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

At his previous company, overtime work was normalized and going home by the last train was not uncommon. In contrast, his current company is actively pursuing 'Work Style Reform' by implementing telework and flexible working hours.

้€ฑใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใซไฝ•ๅบฆใชใ‚“ใฉใ‹ๅœจๅฎ…ๅ‹คๅ‹™ใ–ใ„ใŸใใใ‚“ใ‚€ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ‹ใฎใ†ใชใ“ใจใจใ€ๅ‹คๅ‹™ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚“ใ‚€ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒๆŸ”่ปŸใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใชใ‚“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚

Telework is possible several times a week, and working hours are flexible.

ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใฎๅŠน็އใ“ใ†ใ‚Šใคใ‚’ไธŠใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€้›†ไธญใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใกใ‚…ใ†ใงใใ‚‹็’ฐๅขƒใ‹ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ๆ•ดใจใจใฎใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฎšๆœŸใฆใ„ใ็š„ใซไผ‘ๆ†ฉใใ‚…ใ†ใ‘ใ„ใ‚’ๅ–ใจใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๅฟƒใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

He makes an effort to create a focused environment and take regular breaks to increase work efficiency.

ไผๆฅญใใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใฎ้ญ…ๅŠ›ใฟใ‚Šใ‚‡ใใ‚’้ซ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ€ๅ„ช็ง€ใ‚†ใ†ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใชไบบๆใ˜ใ‚“ใ–ใ„ใฎ็ขบไฟใ‹ใใปใซใ‚‚ใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

It enhances the company's appeal and leads to securing excellent talent.

ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใจ็ง็”Ÿๆดปใ—ใ›ใ„ใ‹ใคใฎใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใจใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใพใ„ใซใกใ‚’ๅ‰ๅ‘ใพใˆใ‚€ใใซ้Žใ™ใ”ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใจๅฎŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฃใ‹ใ‚“ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

He feels that he can now live each day more positively, as he has achieved a better work-life balance.

Grammar Points Used

ใ€œใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ๏ผˆใ‚’ใจใŠใ—ใฆ๏ผ‰: "through; via"

ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใใ‹ใ‚“ใฎ้–“ใ‚ใ„ใ ใšใฃใจใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใชใซใ‹ใ‚’ไปฒไป‹ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ„ใƒปๆ‰‹ๆฎตใ—ใ‚…ใ ใ‚“ใจใ—ใฆใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ”ใจใŒ่ตทใŠใ“ใ‚‹ๆง˜ๅญใ‚ˆใ†ใ™ใ‚’่กจใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

Indicates that something happens consistently throughout a period, or by means of something acting as an intermediary.

Example from passage: ็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ“ใฎๅˆถๅบฆใ›ใ„ใฉใ‚’้€šใจใŠใ—ใฆใ€ๆœใ‚ใ•ใฏๅญไพ›ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใฎ้€ใŠใใ‚Š่ฟŽใ‚€ใ‹ใˆใ‚’ใ—ใ€ๅคœใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใฏๅฎถๆ—ใ‹ใžใใจ้Žใ™ใ”ใ™ๆ™‚้–“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒๅข—ใตใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚

Other example: ็งใ‚ใŸใ—ใŸใกใฏ็•™ๅญฆใ‚Šใ‚…ใ†ใŒใใ‚’้€šใจใŠใ—ใฆใ€็•ฐๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ„ใถใ‚“ใ‹ใธใฎ็†่งฃใ‚Šใ‹ใ„ใ‚’ๆทฑใตใ‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ (We deepened our understanding of different cultures through studying abroad.)

ใ€œใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ‹: "not only... but also; as well as"

ๅ‰ใพใˆใซ่ฟฐใฎในใŸใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็จ‹ๅบฆใฆใ„ใฉใŒ้€ฒใ™ใ™ใ‚“ใ ็Šถๆณใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚„็ตๆžœใ‘ใฃใ‹ใŒ็”Ÿใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่กจใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚้ฉšใŠใฉใ‚ใใ‚„ๆ„ๅค–ใ„ใŒใ„ใชๆฐ—ๆŒใใ‚‚ใกใ‚’่พผใ“ใ‚ใฆไฝฟใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

Not only expresses the preceding content, but also indicates that an even further or more advanced situation or result occurs. It can convey a sense of surprise or unexpectedness.

Example from passage: ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œๅƒใๆ–นๆ”น้ฉใฏใŸใ‚‰ใใ‹ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใใ€ใฏใ€ๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ„ใ‚“ใฎๆบ€่ถณๅบฆใพใ‚“ใžใใฉใ‚’้ซ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ‹ใ€ไผๆฅญใใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใฎ้ญ…ๅŠ›ใฟใ‚Šใ‚‡ใใ‚’้ซ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ€ๅ„ช็ง€ใ‚†ใ†ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใชไบบๆใ˜ใ‚“ใ–ใ„ใฎ็ขบไฟใ‹ใใปใซใ‚‚ใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

Other example: ใใฎๆ–™็†ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Šใฏ็พŽๅ‘ณใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ‹ใ€ไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใซใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€‚ (That dish is not only delicious but also good for your health.)

ใ€œใšใซ: "without doing (something)"

ๅ‹•่ฉžใฉใ†ใ—ใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฒใฆใ„ใ‘ใ„ใ€Œใ€œใชใ„ใงใ€ใจๅŒใŠใชใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ„ใฟใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็กฌใ‹ใŸใ„่กจ็พใฒใ‚‡ใ†ใ’ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‰ใพใˆใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใฉใ†ใ•ใ‚’่กŒใŠใ“ใชใ‚ใšใซๆฌกใคใŽใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใฉใ†ใ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่กจใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

Equivalent to the negative verb form 'ใ€œใชใ„ใง', but slightly more formal. It indicates performing a subsequent action without doing the preceding one.

Example from passage: ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ‘ใฃใ‹ใ€ๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ใ›ใšใซๅฎšๆ™‚ใฆใ„ใ˜ใงไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใ‚’็ต‚ใŠใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ›ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใ‚‚ไปฅๅ‰ใ„ใœใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‘ไธŠใ“ใ†ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚

Other example: ๆœ้ฃŸใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใใ‚’้ฃŸใŸในใšใซๅญฆๆ กใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใธ่กŒใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ (I went to school without eating breakfast.)

ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ๅฟƒใŒใ‘ใ‚‹๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใ‚‹๏ผ‰: "to try to do; to make an effort to do"

็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚‚ใใฒใ‚‡ใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹็Šถๆ…‹ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใŸใ„ใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใ“ใ†ใฉใ†ใ‚’้”ๆˆใŸใฃใ›ใ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆ„่ญ˜็š„ใ„ใ—ใใฆใใซๅŠชๅŠ›ใฉใ‚Šใ‚‡ใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

Indicates consciously making an effort to achieve a desired state or action.

Example from passage: ็”ฐไธญใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใฎๅŠน็އใ“ใ†ใ‚Šใคใ‚’ไธŠใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€้›†ไธญใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใกใ‚…ใ†ใงใใ‚‹็’ฐๅขƒใ‹ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ๆ•ดใจใจใฎใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฎšๆœŸใฆใ„ใ็š„ใซไผ‘ๆ†ฉใใ‚…ใ†ใ‘ใ„ใ‚’ๅ–ใจใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๅฟƒใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

Other example: ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใพใ„ใซใก้‹ๅ‹•ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๅฟƒใ“ใ“ใ‚ใŒใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ (I try to exercise every day.)

ใ€œใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผˆใจใ„ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ‰: "it can be said that; it is probably true that"

ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ไบ‹ๆŸ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚‰ใซๅฏพใŸใ„ใ—ใฆใ€ๆ นๆ‹ ใ“ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ‚„็Šถๆณใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆคๆ–ญใฏใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ใ—ใฆใ€็ขบใŸใ—ใ‹ใซใใ†ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ„ใใใ‚„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ„ใ‘ใ‚“ใ‚’่ฟฐใฎในใ‚‹้š›ใ•ใ„ใซไฝฟใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚

Used to express a conclusion, inference, or opinion that can reasonably be made about something based on evidence or circumstances.

Example from passage: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆŒ็ถšๅฏ่ƒฝใ˜ใžใใ‹ใฎใ†ใช็คพไผšใ—ใ‚ƒใ‹ใ„ใ‚’็ฏ‰ใใšใไธŠใ†ใˆใง้žๅธธใฒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใซ้‡่ฆใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใธใ‚“ใ‹ใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚

Other example: ๅฝผใ‹ใ‚Œใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ“ใ†ใฉใ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‹ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใปใ‚“ใจใ†ใซๅ„ชใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใ„ไบบใฒใจใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ (Looking at his actions, it can be said that he is truly a kind person.)

ใ€œไธŠ(ใง)๏ผˆใ†ใˆใง๏ผ‰: "in the course of; when (doing something); for (doing something)"

ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒ็‚บใ“ใ†ใ„ใ‚„็Šถๆณใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใฎไธญใชใ‹ใงใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใใฎๅ‰ๆใœใ‚“ใฆใ„ใจใ—ใฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ„ใฟใงไฝฟใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ไธปใซใ€Œใ€œใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใ†ใˆใง้‡่ฆใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฝขใ‹ใŸใกใงไฝฟใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใŠใŠใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚

Used to mean 'in the course of doing something,' 'when doing something,' or 'as a prerequisite for something.' It is often seen in phrases like 'important for doing X' or 'in the context of Y'.

Example from passage: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆŒ็ถšๅฏ่ƒฝใ˜ใžใใ‹ใฎใ†ใช็คพไผšใ—ใ‚ƒใ‹ใ„ใ‚’็ฏ‰ใใšใไธŠใ†ใˆใง้žๅธธใฒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใซ้‡่ฆใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใธใ‚“ใ‹ใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚

Other example: ๆ–ฐใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใ‚’ๅง‹ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ไธŠใ†ใˆใงใ€ๅฅๅบท็ฎก็†ใ‘ใ‚“ใ“ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚Šใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅคงๅˆ‡ใŸใ„ใ›ใคใงใ™ใ€‚ (Managing your health is very important when starting a new job.)

ใ€œใ“ใจใ‚‚็ใ—ใใชใ„๏ผˆใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใใชใ„๏ผ‰: "it is not uncommon to do X; it is not rare to do X"

ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใ“ใ†ใฉใ†ใŒ้ ป็นใฒใ‚“ใฑใ‚“ใซ่ตทใŠใ“ใ‚Šใ€ๆฑบใ‘ใฃใ—ใฆ็‰นๅˆฅใจใในใคใชใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Šถๆ…‹ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใŸใ„ใ‚’่กจใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใ˜ใฃใ•ใ„ใซใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใจใ„ใ†ใƒ‹ใƒฅใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒฅใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

Indicates that a certain situation or action occurs frequently and is not at all unusual or special; it's quite common.

Example from passage: ็ต‚้›ปใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใงใ‚“ใงๅธฐๅฎ…ใใŸใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚็ใ‚ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚

Other example: ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ•ใ„ใใ‚“ใฏใ€่‹ฅ่€…ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒๆตทๅค–ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ„ใงไป•ไบ‹ใ—ใ”ใจใ‚’ๆŽขใ•ใŒใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚็ใ‚ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ (Nowadays, it's not uncommon for young people to look for jobs overseas.)

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